Cognitive load is the single most important variable in how well your brain performs. Behind focus, willpower, habits, and systems is a simple mechanical question: how much is your brain trying to hold at once?
Cognitive load theory explains why some tasks fail: not because learners aren't capable, but because the task exceeds working memory capacity. Three types contribute: intrinsic load (inherent complexity), extraneous load (unnecessary overhead from poor design), and germane load (productive learning work).
Working memory impairment is one of the most consistent findings in ADHD research. ADHD brains have smaller working memory capacity — meaning the threshold for overload is lower, and the consequences are more severe. Open loops don't auto-close, dopamine depletion amplifies the problem.
Capture systems, pre-committed decisions, environment design, and structured reflection. What doesn't work: more complex systems and willpower-based approaches that demand the same executive function that's already overloaded.